Smart Home Electrical System with Energy Monitoring - Electrical Engineering Guide
1. Introduction
The Smart Home Electrical System with Energy Monitoring is designed to automate and monitor energy usage in a residential setting. This system provides insights into energy consumption and facilitates smart control of electrical appliances.
2. Objectives
• Automate electrical appliances in a smart home
• Monitor real-time power consumption
• Reduce energy waste through intelligent control
• Enable user interaction through mobile/web interfaces
3. System Overview
The system includes smart switches, energy meters, sensors, and a central controller. It provides energy usage statistics and remote control through IoT connectivity.
4. Design Requirements
• Voltage: 230V AC
• Communication: Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Zigbee
• Power Monitoring Accuracy: ±1%
• User Interface: Mobile app or web dashboard
5. Hardware Components
• Microcontroller (e.g., ESP32, Arduino)
• Current and voltage sensors (e.g., ACS712, ZMPT101B)
• Relays or smart switches
• Wi-Fi module (if not built-in)
• Power supply unit
6. System Architecture
Each electrical device is connected to a relay module and monitored through current/voltage sensors. The microcontroller processes data and transmits it to a cloud server for visualization.
7. Energy Monitoring Techniques
Energy usage is calculated using the formula:
Power (W) = Voltage (V) × Current (A)
Accumulated energy is tracked over time and stored in the microcontroller
memory or cloud storage.
8. Communication Protocols
MQTT is widely used for lightweight messaging between the smart home system and a remote dashboard. Other options include HTTP and WebSockets.
9. Microcontroller Programming
Programming involves setting up sensors, controlling relays, and transmitting data. The Arduino IDE or PlatformIO is used for coding.
10. Data Logging and Visualization
Data is logged to platforms like ThingsBoard, Blynk, or Firebase. Dashboards display live power consumption, device status, and historical trends.
11. Safety Considerations
Ensure proper isolation between low- and high-voltage circuits. Include surge protection, fuse circuits, and overcurrent protection to safeguard electronics.
12. Testing and Calibration
Test sensor accuracy with known loads. Calibrate sensors and verify data transmission integrity.
13. Applications
• Residential energy saving
• Load management
• Automated lighting and HVAC control
• Appliance usage tracking
14. Conclusion
This project outlines the design and development of a smart home electrical system with energy monitoring. It supports efficient energy use, real-time control, and user-friendly interfaces.