Real-Time Fire Detection and Alarm System - Electronic Engineering Guide
1. Introduction
The Real-Time Fire Detection and Alarm System is designed to detect fire-related parameters such as smoke, gas, and temperature using electronic sensors. It is integrated with a microcontroller to trigger an alarm and optionally send alerts upon detecting a fire.
2. Objectives
• Detect fire indicators (smoke, gas, temperature) in
real-time.
• Trigger alarms upon detection.
• Provide optional SMS or IoT-based notifications.
• Ensure system reliability and responsiveness.
3. Components Required
• Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, ESP32, ATmega328P)
• Smoke Sensor (e.g., MQ-2, MQ-135)
• Temperature Sensor (e.g., LM35, DHT11)
• Gas Sensor (optional)
• Buzzer or Siren
• LED Indicators
• Relay Module (for external devices like sprinklers)
• Power Supply (Battery or Adapter, 5V/12V)
• GSM or Wi-Fi Module (optional for alerts)
4. Working Principle
The system uses a combination of sensors to detect environmental conditions associated with fire. Sensor signals are processed by a microcontroller, which compares them to predefined thresholds. When any sensor detects a dangerous level, the microcontroller activates an alarm and can optionally send remote alerts.
5. Sensor Circuit Design
• MQ-series sensors output analog voltages depending on
smoke or gas concentration.
• LM35 outputs analog voltage corresponding to temperature.
• Use pull-down resistors and filtering capacitors for stability.
• Calibrate each sensor for threshold accuracy.
6. Microcontroller Integration
• Connect sensor outputs to analog or digital input pins of
the microcontroller.
• Write code to continuously read sensor data and compare with thresholds.
• Use interrupts or timers for precise timing.
• Optional: connect to Wi-Fi or GSM module for cloud alerting.
7. Alarm and Notification System
• Connect buzzer or siren to output pins or relay modules.
• Use LEDs to indicate sensor status.
• Send SMS or email via GSM/Wi-Fi when a fire is detected.
• Use IoT dashboard for remote monitoring.
8. Power Supply and Safety
• Ensure stable power with voltage regulation.
• Use backup power like battery or UPS for reliability.
• Isolate high-voltage components from control logic.
• Use fire-resistant materials for sensor enclosures.
9. Testing and Calibration
• Simulate smoke and temperature changes to test sensor
responses.
• Use a controlled flame or incense stick for smoke tests.
• Adjust thresholds in code for optimal sensitivity.
• Test with various fire sources to evaluate coverage.
10. Applications
• Residential fire alarms
• Industrial fire detection systems
• Data centers and server rooms
• Warehouses and storage facilities
11. Limitations and Future Enhancements
• Sensor accuracy may vary with environmental conditions.
• Power failure can disable detection unless battery-backed.
• Future improvements: AI-based detection, auto-alert to fire department, water
sprinkler integration.
12. Conclusion
The Real-Time Fire Detection and Alarm System enhances safety by providing immediate alerts during fire emergencies. Using simple electronics and sensors, it can be implemented in homes and businesses for proactive fire response.