IoT-Based Smart Meter for Energy Consumption - Electrical Engineering Guide
1. Introduction
Smart energy meters provide real-time monitoring of power consumption and help users manage electricity usage efficiently. IoT integration allows remote data access and analytics.
2. Objectives
• To design a smart meter capable of real-time energy
monitoring
• To transmit energy data via IoT platforms
• To enhance energy efficiency and accountability
3. System Overview
The system uses a microcontroller to read voltage and current sensors, calculate power consumption, and send data to the cloud using an IoT module.
4. Components Required
• Microcontroller (ESP32/Arduino)
• Voltage sensor (ZMPT101B)
• Current sensor (ACS712/ACS758)
• Wi-Fi module (integrated in ESP32)
• LCD Display (optional)
• Power supply
• Resistors, capacitors, and connecting wires
5. Circuit Design and Architecture
Sensors are connected to the analog inputs of the microcontroller. The microcontroller calculates real-time power using the formula P = V x I.
6. IoT Integration
The ESP32 connects to a Wi-Fi network and publishes power data to a cloud platform like ThingSpeak, Blynk, or Firebase for visualization.
7. Firmware and Software
• Arduino IDE for coding
• Libraries for sensors and IoT platforms
• Functions include sensor calibration, power computation, and HTTP/MQTT
communication
8. Power Supply Considerations
Use a 5V/3.3V regulated power supply. Ensure proper isolation for safety if interfacing with AC mains.
9. Data Logging and Cloud Storage
The system logs power usage periodically and stores it on a cloud database for future analysis and consumption tracking.
10. Testing and Calibration
Compare readings with a commercial meter for calibration. Adjust sensor gain and offsets accordingly.
11. Advantages of Smart Metering
• Real-time monitoring
• Remote data access
• Better power management
• Utility cost estimation
12. Challenges and Solutions
• Wi-Fi instability: Use buffer memory for data.
• Sensor inaccuracy: Regular calibration needed.
• Power fluctuations: Use surge protection circuitry.
13. Applications
• Residential energy monitoring
• Industrial energy audits
• Educational demonstrations
• Utility company smart grid systems
14. Future Enhancements
• Integration with mobile apps
• Load control based on thresholds
• AI-based usage prediction
15. Conclusion
An IoT-based smart meter provides an efficient way to monitor and manage electrical energy usage, paving the way for smarter energy consumption and billing systems.