Hardware Engineering Guide: Automatic Load Shedding System
1. Introduction
This guide provides detailed instructions for designing and implementing an Automatic Load Shedding System. The system is designed to reduce electrical load during peak usage times by automatically disconnecting non-critical loads based on predefined parameters.
2. System Architecture
The Automatic Load Shedding System consists of the following components:
• Microcontroller: Controls load shedding operations.
• Current and Voltage Sensors: Monitor power usage in real-time.
• Relay Modules: Disconnect loads when peak thresholds are exceeded.
• User Interface: Display and control system settings.
• Power Supply: Provides stable power to all components.
3. Hardware Components
The following components are required to build the Automatic Load Shedding System:
1. Microcontroller: Arduino, ESP32, or similar for processing and control.
2. Current Sensor: ACS712 or equivalent to measure current flow.
3. Voltage Sensor: Voltage divider circuit or commercial sensor module.
4. Relay Module: To switch loads on and off.
5. Display Unit: LCD or OLED for showing status and metrics.
6. User Input: Buttons or a keypad for user interaction.
7. Power Supply: A stable DC power source (e.g., 12V adapter or battery).
4. Circuit Design
The circuit design involves connecting sensors, relays, and the microcontroller. Key steps include:
1. Interface the current and voltage sensors with the microcontroller's analog inputs.
2. Connect the relay modules to digital outputs for controlling loads.
3. Attach the display unit to the microcontroller for visual feedback.
4. Include a user input mechanism (e.g., buttons) for configuring thresholds.
5. Design the power supply circuit to ensure stable operation of all components.
5. Software Integration
Software integration is crucial for real-time load monitoring and control. Steps include:
1. Develop a program to read sensor data and calculate power usage.
2. Implement logic to compare power usage against preset thresholds.
3. Control relays based on the calculated usage to shed non-critical loads.
4. Provide a user interface for setting parameters and viewing system status.
5. Test the software to ensure reliable and accurate load shedding.
6. Assembly and Testing
Follow these steps for assembly and testing:
1. Assemble the sensors, relays, and microcontroller in a protective enclosure.
2. Ensure proper wiring for all components to prevent short circuits or damage.
3. Validate sensor readings under different load conditions.
4. Test the relay operation to confirm reliable load switching.
5. Simulate peak load conditions to verify automatic shedding functionality.
7. Conclusion
This guide outlines the steps to build an Automatic Load Shedding System. The project aims to optimize power usage and prevent grid overloads during peak demand periods. Future improvements could include IoT integration for remote monitoring and control, as well as machine learning algorithms for predictive load management.